The Association between Lifestyle and Nutritional Status with the Incidence of Hypertension in the Kayu Manis Community Health Centre Working Area
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.56303/jian.v1i1.1299Keywords:
Hypertension, Lifestyle, Medical history, Nutritional status, Physical activityAbstract
Hypertension was a non-communicable disease that contributed to high mortality rates, with cases continuing to increase, including in the working area of the Kayu Manis Community Health Centre, Bogor City. This study aimed to analyze the association between lifestyle, and nutritional status with the incidence of hypertension. This study used a cross-sectional design with 76 subjects aged 30-49 years using purposive sampling techniques. Physical activity was assessed using the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ). High sodium and fat consumption habits were assessed using the FFQ questionnaire, while smoking, alcohol, and coffee consumption habits were assessed through interviews using questionnaires. Nutritional status was assessed using anthropometric measurements consisting of weight and height measurements. Data were processed and analyzed using Microsoft Excel 2019 and SPSS 26 for Windows. The statistical test used is the Spearman test. The results showed a significant association between physical activity (p=0.002), sodium consumption (p=0.002), fat consumption (p=0.004), and nutritional status (p=0.003) with the incidence of hypertension. Conversely, no significant association was found in the frequency of alcohol and coffee consumption, and duration of smoking. The implications of these findings required lifestyle modification interventions.
Downloads
References
Kemenkes RI. Survei kesehatan Indonesia 2023 Dalam Angka. Jakarta: Kemenkes RI; 2024.
Dinkes Kota Bogor. Profil Kesehatan Kota Bogor. Bogor: Dinas Kesehatan Kota Bogor; 2020.
Nasution IS, Maghirah A Al, Azkia AN, Panjaitan AN, Sitorus DSB. Germas debagai Strategi Nasional: Evaluasi Kebijakan Menuju Indonesia Sehat. J Kesehat Tambusai. 2025;6(2):9166–77.
Karim NA, Onibala F, Kallo V. Hubungan Aktivitas Fisik dengan Derajat Hipertensi pada Pasien Rawat Jalan di Wilayah Kerja Puskesmas Tagulandang Kabupaten Sitaro. J Keperawatan. 2018;6(1):1–6.
Ihm SH. Pathophysiology and Optimal Management of Hypertension in Patients with Cardiometabolic Syndrome. CardioMetabolic Syndr J. 2021;1(1):46–65.
Kemenkes RI. Pedoman Gizi Seimbang. Jakarta: Kemenkes RI; 2014.
Melisa AK. Hubungan Antara Perilaku Olahraga, Stress Dan Pola Makan Dengan Tingkat Hipertensi Pada Lanjut Usia Di Posyandu Lansia Kelurahan Gebang Putih Kecamatan Sukolilo Kota Surabaya. J Promkes. 2013;1(2):111–7.
Grace TG, Kalesaran AF., Kaunang WP. Hubungan Antara Konsumsi Alkohol Dengan Kejadian Hipertensi Pada Pasien Rawat Jalan Di Puskesmas Kolongan Kecamatan Kalawat Kabupaten Minahasa Utara. J Kesmas. 2021;7(5):1–8.
Mullo OE, Langi FLFG, Asrifuddin A. Hubungan antara kebiasaan minum kopi dengan kejadian hipertensi di wilayah kerja Puskesmas Paniki Bawah Kota Manado. J Kesmas. 2021;7(5):1–9.
Erman I, Damanik HD, Sya’diyah S. Hubungan Merokok dengan Kejadian Hipertensi di Puskesmas Kampus Palembang. J Keperawatan Merdeka. 2021;1(1):54–61.
Paputungan MFS, Warwuru PM, Novitasari D. Hubungan Status Gizi dengan Derajat Hipertensi Pada Lansia di Desa Tombolango Kecamatan Lolak. Graha Med Nurs J. 2020;3(1):48–58.
McArdle WD, Katch FI, Katch VL. Exercise Physiology: Nutrition, Energy, and Human Performance. Exercise Physiology: Nutrition, Energy, and Human Performance. Philadelphia: Lippincot Williams & Wilkins; 2014.
Ghadieh AS, Saab B. Evidence for exercise training in the management of hypertension in adults. Can Fam Physician. 2015;61(3):233–9.
Dimitriadis GD, Chryssanthopoulos C, Philippou A, Koutsilieris M. The Significant Role of Physical Activity and Exercise in Health and Metabolic Diseases. Physiologia. 2025;5(4):1–41.
Banks NF, Rogers EM, Stanhewicz AE, Whitaker KM, Jenkins NDM. Resistance exercise lowers blood pressure and improves vascular endothelial function in individuals with elevated blood pressure or stage-1 hypertension. Am J Physiol Hear Circ Physiol. 2024;326(1):H256–69.
Lavie CJ, Ozemek C, Carbone S, Katzmarzyk PT, Blair SN. Sedentary Behavior, Exercise, and Cardiovascular Health. Circ Res. 2019;124(5):799–815.
Bull FC, Al-Ansari SS, Biddle S, Borodulin K, Buman MP, Cardon G, et al. World Health Organization 2020 guidelines on physical activity and sedentary behaviour. Br J Sports Med. 2020;54(24):1451–1462.
WHO. Physical activity [Internet]. 2024 [cited 2026 Feb 20]. Available from: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/physical-activity
Tian Y, Zhang Y. The relationship between hypertension and physical activity in middle-aged and older adults controlling for demographic, chronic disease, and mental health variables. Med (United States). 2022;101(47):1–8.
Purba EN, Santosa H, Siregar FA. The relationship of physical activity and obesity with the incidence of hypertension in adults aged 26-45 years in Medan. Open Access Maced J Med Sci. 2019;7(20):3464–3468.
Shi Z, Papier K, Yiengprugsawan V, Kelly M, Seubsman SA, Sleigh AC. Dietary patterns associated with hypertension risk among adults in Thailand: 8-year findings from the Thai Cohort Study. Public Health Nutr. 2019;22(2):307–13.
Gallardo PA, Vio CP. Renal Physiology and Hydrosaline Metabolism. New York: Springer; 2022.
Grillo A, Salvi L, Coruzzi P, Salvi P, Parati G. Sodium intake and hypertension. Nutrients. 2019;11(9):1–16.
Wang YJ, Yeh TL, Shih MC, Tu YK, Chien KL. Dietary sodium intake and risk of cardiovascular disease: A systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis. Nutrients. 2020;12(10):1–14.
Strazzullo P, D’Elia L, Kandala NB, Cappuccio FP. Salt intake, stroke, and cardiovascular disease: Meta-analysis of prospective studies. BMJ. 2009;339(7733):1–9.
He FJ, Tan M, Ma Y, MacGregor GA. Salt Reduction to Prevent Hypertension and Cardiovascular Disease: JACC State-of-the-Art Review. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2020;75(6):632–47.
Verma N, Rastogi S, Chia YC, Siddique S, Turana Y, Cheng H min, et al. Non-pharmacological management of hypertension. J Clin Hypertens. 2021;23(7):1275–1283.
Yanti CA, Djuwita R, Martha E, Besral, Kustanto DR, Mujar NMM. The impact of dietary consumption on hypertension in indonesia: An analysis of indonesian health survey 2023. J Educ Health Promot. 2025;14(1):1–8.
Baliwati YF, Laely PN, Rusyda AL. A Sem-Pls Analysis of Hypertension Determinants in West Java, Indonesia: Socio-Ecological Model Approaches. Media Gizi Indones. 2025;20(2):211–222.
Andarwulan N, Madanijah S, Briawan D, Anwar K, Bararah A, Saraswati, et al. Food consumption pattern and the intake of sugar, salt, and fat in the South Jakarta City—Indonesia. Nutrients. 2021;13(4):1–19.
Nurhayani E, Kusdalinah, Kamsiah. The Relationship Of Fatty Acid Consumption with Total Cholesterol Level in Coronary Artery Disease Patients. Media Gizi Indones. 2024;19(1SP):1–7.
Metsovitis T, Bernardi M, Bruckert E, Fogacci F, Cicero A, Garcia-Zamora S, et al. Role of nutrition and healthy lifestyle, for individuals in primary prevention: recent data, gaps in evidence and future directions. Arch Med Sci. 2024;20(5):1385–99.
Wyszyńska J, Łuszczki E, Sobek G, Mazur A, Dereń K. Association and Risk Factors for Hypertension and Dyslipidemia in Young Adults from Poland. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2023;20(2):1–13.
Henriques J, Amaro AM, Piedade AP. Understanding Atherosclerosis Pathophysiology: Can Additive Manufacturing Be Helpful? Polymers (Basel). 2023;15(3):1–26.
Seifalian A, Filippatos T, Joshi J, Mikhailidis D. Obesity and Arterial Compliance Alterations. Curr Vasc Pharmacol. 2010;8(2):155–68.
Ellulu MS, Patimah I, Khaza’ai H, Rahmat A, Abed Y. Obesity & inflammation: The linking mechanism & the complications. Arch Med Sci. 2017;13(4):851–63.
Oishi JC, Castro CA, Silva KA, Fabricio V, Cárnio EC, Phillips SA, et al. Endothelial dysfunction and inflammation precedes elevations in blood pressure induced by a high-fat diet. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2018;110(6):558–567.
Kietsiriroje N, Shah H, Zare M, O’Mahoney LL, West DJ, Pearson SM, et al. Dietary fat intake is associated with insulin resistance and an adverse vascular profile in patients with T1D: a pooled analysis. Eur J Nutr. 2023;62(3):1231–8.
Usui I. Hypertension and insulin resistance in adipose tissue. Hypertens Res. 2023;46(6):1478–81.
Stathori G, Vlahos NF, Charmandari E, Valsamakis G. Obesity- and High-Fat-Diet-Induced Neuroinflammation: Implications for Autonomic Nervous System Dysfunction and Endothelial Disorders. Int J Mol Sci. 2025;26(9):1–13.
Yusrizal M, Indarto D, Akhyar M. Risk of Hypertension in Adolescents with Over Nutritional Status in Pangkalpinang, Indonesia. J Epidemiol Public Heal. 2016;1(1):27–36.
Parvanova A, Reseghetti E, Abbate M, Ruggenenti P. Mechanisms and treatment of obesity-related hypertension—Part 1: Mechanisms. Clin Kidney J. 2024;17(1):1–18.
Palimbong JE, Djaja PN, Vetinly V, Tjhay F. Overnutrition Status Is Associated with Elevated Blood Pressure among Adolescents in Central Jakarta, Indonesia. Althea Med J. 2025;12(3):191–6.
Sammeng W, Castanya MS, Marsaoly M, Ruaida N. Sodium Intake and Nutritional Status Hypertension Patients In Hative Passo Hospital. J Heal Nutr Res. 2022;1(3):156–60.
Shariq OA, Mckenzie TJ. Obesity-related hypertension: A review of pathophysiology, management, and the role of metabolic surgery. Gland Surg. 2020;9(1):80–93.
Cabandugama PK, Gardner MJ, Sowers JR. The Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone System in Obesity and Hypertension: Roles in the Cardiorenal Metabolic Syndrome. Med Clin North Am. 2017;101(1):129–137.
Hall JE, Mouton AJ, Da Silva AA, Wang Z, Li X, Do Carmo JM. Obesity, kidney dysfunction, and inflammation: interactions in hypertension. Cardiovasc Res. 2021;117(8):1859–76.
Shams E, Kamalumpundi V, Peterson J, Gismondi RA, Oigman W, de Gusmão Correia ML. Highlights of mechanisms and treatment of obesity-related hypertension. J Hum Hypertens. 2022;36(9):785–93.
Ahmed SK, Mohammed RA. Obesity: Prevalence, causes, consequences, management, preventive strategies and future research directions. Metab Open. 2025;27(100375):1–20.
Ghodeshwar GK, Dube A, Khobragade D. Impact of Lifestyle Modifications on Cardiovascular Health: A Narrative Review. Cureus. 2023;15(7):1–8.
Tasnim S, Tang C, Musini VM, Wright JM. Effect of alcohol on blood pressure. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2020;2020(7):1–40.
Cecchini M, Filippini T, Whelton PK, Iamandii I, Di Federico S, Boriani G, et al. Alcohol Intake and Risk of Hypertension: A Systematic Review and Dose-Response Meta-Analysis of Nonexperimental Cohort Studies. Hypertension. 2024;81(8):1701–15.
Quarti-Trevano F, Mancia G, Grassi G. Assessing the association between coffee consumption and blood pressure values: When complexity prevails. J Hypertens. 2024;42(10):1832–3.
Miranda AM, Steluti J, Fisberg RM, Marchioni DM. Association between coffee consumption and its polyphenols with cardiovascular risk factors: A population-based study. Nutrients. 2017;9(3):1–15.
AlShoqiran R, Al-Sowayan NS. Caffeinated and Decaffeinated Coffee Have Different Effects on Weight, Sleeplessness, and Blood Pressure. Biomed J Sci Tech Res. 2022;47(4):38714–22.
Münzel T, Crea F, Rajagopalan S, Lüscher T. Nicotine and the cardiovascular system: unmasking a global public health threat. Eur Heart J. 2025;ehaf1010:1–18.
Kennedy CD, van Schalkwyk MCI, McKee M, Pisinger C. The cardiovascular effects of electronic cigarettes: A systematic review of experimental studies. Prev Med (Baltim). 2019;127:1–26.
Yun JE, Kimm H, Choi YJ, Jee SH, Huh KB. Smoking is associated with abdominal obesity, not overall obesity, in men with type 2 diabetes. J Prev Med Public Heal. 2012;45(5):316–22.
Liu T, Tyndale RF, David SP, Wang H, Yu XQ, Chen W, et al. Association between daily cigarette consumption and hypertension moderated by CYP2A6 genotypes in Chinese male current smokers. J Hum Hypertens. 2013;27(1):24–30.
Putra WN, Wiratama BS, Indawati R, Indriani D. Analysis of Age, Smoking Habit, Nutritional Status, and Their Influence on Hypertension. J Berk Epidemiol. 2021;9(1):10–7.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2026 Indriya Rahmadhona Pratiwi, Muh. Guntur Sunarjono Putra, Asri Ismiyani Nurlita, Dwikani Oklita Anggiruling
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
